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Anything that takes up space and has weight
Living matter
Nonliving matter
Read “What is Matter” from How Science Works,
pages 14-15. Classify objects as living or nonliving by cutting out living
and nonliving pictures from magazines and pasting them in appropriate column
of Living/Lonliving chart.
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Maybe a collage of examples of each state
Solid
Definite shape and volume
Particles closely knot together
Read “Solids” from How Science Works,
pages 20-21 and “Solids Basics” from Chem4kids. Try the WonderNet State debate
experiment to determine the state of shaving cream.
Liquid
Definite volume but will take on the shape of container
Very hard to compress
Surface tension
Read “Liquids” from How Science Works,
pages 22-23 and “Liquids Basics” from Chem4kids. Experiment with finding holes
in water on page 23.
Gas
Has no definite shape or volume
Read “Gases” from How Science Works,
pages 24-25 and “Gas Basics” from Chem4kids. See what happens when you warm
gas up and cool it down with WonderNet’s Gas Bubble-ometer or check out experiment
from Thinkquest.org. on changing gas volume with temperature.
Find out if gas take up more space than liquid in experiment #5 from Adventures with Atoms and Molecules.
Plasma
Read “Plasma Basics” from Chem4kids.
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Energy is that “certain something” inside of matter that makes everything
happen. It is transformed, or changed, from one type of energy to another,
or from one place to another place
Nothing can happen without energy
Read about energy in the flying turtle material. Then perform the experiments
on how energy changes matter.
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How can you create a physical change (a change between different states
of matter)? by adding or subtracting energy
Change gas to liquid (condensation)
Do the “Cool It and Pool It” experiment from WonderNet.
Change a liquid to a solid (freeze)
Experiment with how liquids get smaller as they get cool and form a solid
except for water, from How Science Works,
page 21. Also see experiment on how water expands as it freezes from Thinkquest.org.
Change liquid to gas (evaporation)
Do the “Lose Some Mass—It’s a Gas” experiment from WonderNet.
Change a solid to a gas (sublimation)
Dry ice is frozen carbon dioxide that turns directly to gas when warms up
Try the experiment to see what happens when mothballs are heated from Thinkquest.org.
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What is an atom?
Microscopic particles
Read “Inside the Atom” from How Science
Works, pages 26-27 and “Atoms” from Chem4kids.
How small is it?
It takes millions of atoms to cover a period at the end of the sentence.
Three basic smaller (subatomic) parts make up an atom
Read “Inside the Atom” from How Science
Works, pages 26-27 and “Structure” from Chem4kids. Construct an atom
model.
Demonstrate how molecules are attracted to charges with experiment #8 in Adventures
with Atoms and Molecules.
Show how similar molecules are attracted to each other in experiment #9 in Adventures with Atoms and Molecules,
Try the experiment of creating and negative charge and then seeing if soap
bubbles are attracted to it.
Proton, a positive electrical charge, is located in the center of the nucleus
Neutron, has no electrical charge, is also located in the nucleus
Electron, a negative electrical charge, are like planets and orbits the
nucleus
The electrons in the outermost shell are the ones that are lost gained or
shared in chemical reactions
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When you have more than one atom
clustered together in a tight bond—you have a molecule
Make a model of water with toothpicks and marshmallows. Demonstrate how
small a molecule is with experiment #2 in Adventures
with Atoms and Molecules. Show a collection of molecules with a drop
of water.
Show how molecules are always moving and how fast between states with experiment
#1 in Adventures with Atoms and Molecules.
Show how temperature effects molecule’s movement with experiment #3 in Adventures with Atoms and Molecules.
How much space does each state take up
See how much space there is between sugar and air when crystals are made
in experiment #4 from Adventures with Atoms
and Molecules
Some molecules are heavier than others
Adventures with Atoms and Molecules,
experiment #7
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Elements
Read “Elements & Compounds” from How
Science Works, pages 28-29 and “ Elements” from Chem4kids.
What is an element?
Those substances that cannot be broken down into simpler substances by chemical
reactions.
The building blocks of the universe
Examples include gold, mercury, oxygen, water, etc.
An element consists of only one kind of atom
There are over 110 known elements, organized in the periodic table of elements
Read “Families of Elements” from Chem4kids. Try making a bingo game with
the most common elements.
92 are natural. Additional ones made by scientists in labs
Separate elements as either metal or nonmetal
Read “Metals” from Chem4kids then perform two experiments: “Metals—They’re
Electrifying” and “Metals & Magnetism” from WonderNet.
Metal elements are gold, sodium, iron
Describe metals by their electrical and thermal conductivity, malleability,
ductility, and shiny appearance
Good conductors of electricity and heat are malleable and able to be drawn
into thin wires
Nonmetal are carbon, oxygen, hydrogen, nitrogen and chlorine
Do not conduct electricity, tend
to keep electrons
Compunds
Read “Elements & Compounds” from How
Science Works, pages 28-29.
What is a compound?
Pure substance made up of two or more elements
When electrons are shared between two different types of atoms, chemical
bonds are made and molecules are formed
Read about “Bonding” from from Chem4kids. Try the experiment of Pasta with
Pep from WonderNet.
That is how molecules, metal alloys and salts are made
Ionic Bond (usually solids & hard to break)
Covalent bonds (water) many gases and liquids w/ low melting and boiling
points
Share a pair of electrons
Metallic bonds
Chemical Reactions produces energy and new substances (compounds)
Read “Che mical Reactions” from How
Science Works, pages 30-31 and “Reactions” from Chem4kids. Complete the
“Ziptop Bag Chemistry” experiment from The Science house and classify the
changes as either chemical or physical.
Experiment with making gas with vinegar and baking soda to find out how
much more space gas takes up than the equivalent amounts of liquids or solids.
Use example in book or in Adventures
with Atoms and Molecules, experiment #6.
Read “Acids and Bases” from How Science
Works, pages 36-37, and “Acids & Bases are Everywhere” from Chem4kids.
Then try the experiment “Chemistry & Color…It’s a Natural” from WonderNet.
Making sugar molecules smaller, Adventures
with Atoms and Molecules, experiment #11
When alcohol is poured on styrofoam
Chemical Reactions are all around us
Rusting of iron, burning of wood
Digestion, light a match, cook dinner, start a car, watch TV
Chemical reactions gain or loose heat
Mixture & Solutions
What are Mixtures?
Read “Mixtures” from How Science Works,
pages 32-33 and “Mixtures” from Chem4kids.
Try “Colors on the Move” experiment from WonderNet.
What are Solutions? (Always evenly mixed)
Read “Solutions & Crystals” from How
Science Works, pages 34-35, and “Solutions” from Chem4kids. Review the
definitions of Solvent (Continuous phase) where the particles are in contact
with each other and Solute (discontinuous) surrounded by solvent particles.
Have the girls set up a series of jars filled with mixtures and solutions
and have the girls determine which is which. (examples: oil & water, sand
and water, sugar and water).
Complete the experiment of placing salt into water and creating a saturated
solution from thinkquest.org.
Complete an experiment to see if everything can dissolve in water from thinkquest.org.
Complete an experiment with sugar (or salt) and water to see how temperature
affects how much more sugar can dissolved from thinkquest.org.
Complete an experiment to see how temperature affects the solubility of
a gas in a liquid from thinkquest.org.
Once you have a solution, how can you separate solvent from solute
Evaporate to recover solute
Drying fruit
Filtration
Making coffee
Distillation
Change liquid to gas by boiling solution, collect gas and cool until it
condenses back into liquid. Solute is left behind
Experiment on how to separate salt from water is found page 33 from How Science Works.
Crystallization
Making of crystals on glass, pg. 34, Chemically Active
Also may be get a crystal growing kit
Chromatography
Experiment on how to separate substances through a paper towel is found
page 33 from How Science Works.
A more fun experiment is a Candy Chromatography from WonderNet.
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